天基轻气炮发射清除低轨碎片方案及关键技术分析

文章分析了现有的空间碎片清除方式,并以800~1200 km低地球轨道高度上1~10 cm量级的空间碎片为清除目标,提出了天基轻气炮清除碎片的新方法。首先分析了轻气炮有效载荷在典型参数下的弹丸加速能力;之后根据将碎片降轨使其坠入大气层烧毁的设想,提出天基轻气炮共面清除碎片的方式,并选择轨道高度800 km的圆轨道作为碎片运行轨道进行可行性分析。计算表明,对半径10 cm、厚度1 cm的铝合金圆板碎片(质量211.95 g),使用初速1 km/s、重10 g的黏性弹丸可按任务方案达到清除效果。此外,计算出该参数弹丸对轨道高度800~1200 km的圆轨道上可清除的最大碎片质量为500~825 g,证明轻气炮弹丸对1~10 cm的碎片具有较强的清除能力。最后,分析了以轻气炮为有效载荷的航天器在完成清除碎片任务时的关键技术。     

A robust object-based shadow detection method for cloud-free high resolution satellite images over urban areas and water bodies

Unwanted contrast in high resolution satellite images such as shadow areas directly affects the result of further processing in urban remote sensing images. Detecting and finding the precise position of shadows is critical in different remote sensing processing chains such as change detection, image classification and digital elevation model generation from stereo images. The spectral similarity between shadow areas, water bodies, and some dark asphalt roads makes the development of robust shadow detection algorithms challenging. In addition, most of the existing methods work on pixel-level and neglect the contextual information contained in neighboring pixels. In this paper, a new object-based shadow detection framework is introduced. In the proposed method a pixel-level shadow mask is built by extending established thresholding methods with a new C₄ index which enables to solve the ambiguity of shadow and water bodies. Then the pixel-based results are further processed in an object-based majority analysis to detect the final shadow objects. Four different high resolution satellite images are used to validate this new approach. The result shows the superiority of the proposed method over some state-of-the-art shadow detection method with an average of 96% in F-measure.     

A comparative study of ionospheric IRIEup and ISP assimilative models during some intense and severe geomagnetic storms

Three-dimensional (3-D) electron density matrices, computed in the Mediterranean area by the IRI climatological model and IRIEup and ISP nowcasting models, during some intense and severe geomagnetic-ionospheric storms, were ingested by the ray tracing software tool IONORT, to synthesize quasi-vertical ionograms. IRIEup model was run in different operational modes: (1) assimilating validated autoscaled electron density profiles only from a limited area which, in our case, is the Mediterranean sector (IRIEup_re(V) mode); (2) assimilating electron density profiles from a larger region including several stations spread across Europe: (a) without taking care of validating the autoscaled data in the assimilation process (IRIEup(NV)); (b) validating carefully the autoscaled electron density profiles before their assimilation (IRIEup(V)).The comparative analysis was carried out comparing IRI, IRIEup_re(V), ISP, IRIEup(NV), and IRIEup(V) foF2 synthesized values, with corresponding foF2 measurements autoscaled by ARTIST, and then validated, at the truth sites of Roquetes (40.80°N, 0.50°E, Spain), San Vito (40.60°N, 17.80°E, Italy), Athens (38.00°N, 23.50°E, Greece), and Nicosia, (35.03°N, 33.16°E, Cyprus). The outcomes demonstrate that: (1) IRIEup_re(V), performs better than ISP in the western Mediterranean (around Roquetes); (2) ISP performs slightly better than IRIEup_re(V) in the central part of Mediterranean (around Athens and San Vito); (3) ISP performance is better than the IRIEup_re(V) one in the eastern Mediterranean (around Nicosia); (4) IRIEup(NV) performance is worse than the IRIEup(V) one; (5) in the central Mediterranean area, IRIEup(V) performance is better than the IRIEup_re(V) one, and it is practically the same for the western and eastern sectors.Concerning the overall performance, nowcasting models proved to be considerably more reliable than the climatological IRI model to represent the ionosphere behaviour during geomagnetic-ionospheric storm conditions; ISP and IRIEup(V) provided the best performance, but neither of them has clearly prevailed over the other one.     

热防护系统损伤容限分析

建立了含初始矩形损伤的热防护系统(Thermal protection system,TPS)气动热分析的CFD数值模型,分析结果表明损伤区域侧壁出现了很高的热流密度峰值,并且迎风面侧壁峰值高于背风面,而损伤区域底部热流密度却很低。利用分析获得的热流密度建立了含损伤和无损伤TPS的有限元传热分析模型。分析结果表明:损伤的存在导致防热瓦最高温度急剧上升,超过其材料能承受的极限温度(1 500℃),防热瓦首先失效,而损伤对机体最高温度影响较小。最后进行了TPS损伤容限分析,在防热瓦极限温度约束下,外部热流密度最大值从100kW/m2增加到140kW/m2,矩形损伤宽度最大容许值从22.7mm减小到12.6mm,而弧形损伤宽度最大容许值从34.6mm减小到25.1mm,即随着外部热流密度最大值增加,损伤宽度的最大容许值降低,并且相同外部热流密度水平下弧形损伤宽度的最大容许值大于矩形损伤。     

基于避障伪距离的自由漂浮空间机器人规划跟踪一体化控制

针对自由漂浮空间机器人(Free Floating Space Robot,FFSR)的避障规划与控制问题，提出一种FFSR的避障规划-跟踪一体化控制方法。首先，基于障碍物伪距离技术，采用FFSR逆几何模型求解期望末端位姿下的连杆伪距离估计值，进而通过求解非线性优化问题，获得FFSR避障期望轨迹。其次，将全局轨迹规划与局部在线避障相结合，辅以离散状态黎卡提方程（DSDRE）控制方法实现FFSR的避障规划-跟踪一体化控制。最后，采用6R空间机器人模型验证了所提方法的有效性。仿真结果表明，该方法能够实现FFSR的避障控制，有效克服了传统FFSR控制中末端轨迹规划与控制相分离的问题，提高了FFSR的环境适应性。     

Direction finding for two-dimensional incoherently distributed sources with Hadamard shift invariance in non-uniform orthogonal arrays

This paper proposes a novel algorithm for Two-Dimensional (2D) central Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation of incoherently distributed sources. In particular, an orthogonal array structure consisting of two Non-uniform Linear Arrays (NLAs) is considered. Based on first-order Taylor series approximation, the Generalized Array Manifold (GAM) model can first be established to separate the central DOAs from the original array manifold. Then, the Hadamard rotational invariance relationships inside the GAMs of two NLAs are identified. With the aid of such relationships, the central elevation and azimuth DOAs can be estimated through a search-free polynomial rooting method. Additionally, a simple parameter pairing of the estimated 2D angular parameters is also accomplished via the Hadamard rotational invariance relationship inside the GAM of the whole array. A secondary but important result is a derivation of closed-form expressions of the Cramer-Rao lower bound. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a remarkably higher precision at less complexity increment compared with the existing low-complexity methods, which benefits from the larger array aperture of the NLAs. Moreover, it requires no priori information about the angular distributed function.     

基于TLE的弹道系数计算方法及应用分析

针对仅使用两行要素（Two Line Element，TLE）作为数据源的应用需求，研究了基于TLE轨道衰减的弹道系数计算方法。介绍了一种常用的基于两组TLE的直接计算法，分析TLE选取间隔对结果精度的影响；提出了一种基于多组TLE的迭代计算方法，以降低异常TLE对计算结果的影响；从弹道系数计算效果、在再入预报中的应用等方面对这两种方法进行比较分析。结果表明，两种方法各有优劣，基于多组TLE的迭代计算法稳定性更高、受TLE精度的影响更小；由于数据区间更短，基于两组TLE的计算结果对短期轨道衰减特性反应得更准确，用于临近再入时的预报效果更好。     

Fully distributed time-varying formation tracking control for multiple quadrotor vehicles via finite-time convergent extended state observer

This paper investigates a time-varying anti-disturbance formation problem for a group of quadrotor aircrafts with time-varying uncertainties and a directed interaction topology. A novel Finite-Time Convergent Extended State Observer (FTCESO) based fully-distributed formation control scheme is proposed to enhance the disturbance rejection and the formation tracking performances for networked quadrotors. By adopting the hierarchical control strategy, the multi-quadrotor system is separated into two subsystems: the outer-loop cooperative subsystem and the inner-loop attitude subsystem. In the outer-loop subsystem, with the estimation of disturbing forces and uncertain dynamics from FTCESOs, an adaptive consensus theory based cooperative controller is exploited to ensure the multiple quadrotors form and maintain a time-varying pattern relying only on the positions of the neighboring aircrafts. In the inner-loop subsystem, the desired attitude generated by the cooperative control law is stably tracked under a FTCESO-based attitude controller in a finite time. Based on a detailed algorithm to specify the cooperative control protocol, the feasibility condition to achieve the time-varying anti-disturbance formation tracking is derived and the rigorous analysis of the whole closed-loop multi-quadrotor system is given. Some numerical examples are conducted to intuitively demonstrate the effectiveness and the improvements of the proposed control framework.     

高温存储对Sn-Pb-Ni凸点界面金属间化合物生长的影响

倒装焊工艺由于具有信号处理速度快、封装密度高、可靠性高等特点，已广泛应用于高密度集成电路封装工艺中。高可靠倒装焊器件的互连焊点通常采用10Sn90Pb等高铅焊料，该焊料具有剪切强度高、可靠性高等优点，但其熔点高、回流工艺窗口窄等特性给封装工艺带来一定难度，此外该焊料在高温存储环境的可靠性有待进一步提高。本文采用Ni元素对10Sn90Pb焊料进行改性，研究高温存储下Sn-Pb-Ni体系凸点的力学性能以及金属间化合物（Intermetallic compound,IMC）的生长演变规律，以此评估Ni元素对10Sn90Pb凸点可靠性的影响。主要结果如下：适量添加Ni元素可以细化10Sn90Pb焊点界面处IMC晶粒，降低高温存储条件下的IMC生长速度，但在一定程度上会降低凸点的剪切强度。0.05%~0.1%含量的Ni元素添加对10Sn90Pb凸点综合性能提升较为显著。     

基于改进粒子群优化模糊控制的MPPT算法研究

在光照强度和温度变化时,常规的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法难以快速准确地跟踪光伏系统最大功率点。针对此问题,设计了一种改进粒子群优化算法(PSO)的模糊控制器。首先,依据常规MPPT特性,设计了一种带调整因子的模糊控制算法以快速收敛到最大功率点；然后,采用参数自适应PSO对设计的模糊控制器调整因子进行动态优化。仿真结果表明:所设计的参数自适应PSO优化模糊控制器能快速准确地跟踪最大功率点,保证了MPPT的动态响应速度和稳态精度,提高了光伏系统的工作效率。